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| B-Roll |
Film or television footage that plays while
an announcer speaks over it. |
| B2B |
An acronym that describes business-to-business
relationships or applications. |
| B2B
- Business to Business |
This encompasses any business activity where
the target buyer is not a consumer, but another business. |
| Back
Pay and Benefits |
The award of any wages and benefits lost as
a result of being fired, constructively discharged, demoted, or not promoted. |
| Backdoor
Spending Authority |
Budget authority provided in legislation outside
of the normal appropriations process. The most common forms of backdoor
spending are borrowing authority, contract authority, entitlements, and
loan guarantees that commit the government to payments of principal and
interest on loans - such as Guaranteed Student Loans - made by banks or
other private lenders. Loan guarantees result in actual outlays only when
there is a default by the borrower. |
| Background |
A widely utilized news media convention where
a source agrees to provide quotable information to journalists on condition
that direct attribution not be made. |
| Backgrounder |
A public relations release distributed by
an organization to appropriate journalists, usually as part of a media kit.
Backgrounders neutrally and factually summarize pertinent facts about a
subject of current public interest. Typically, backgrounders starts with
a historical overview of the topic, incorporate a situation review of the
present situation, and conclude with a straightforward discussion outlining
the implications of the facts presented. |
| Backgrounder |
A short briefing written for reporters on
complex issues related to an organization. It can be attached to a news
release or sent alone. |
| Backwards
Compatible |
A term used to describe a program's ability
to read a file created in an earlier version of it. |
| Balance
|
Sum of debit entries minus the sum of credit
entries in an account. If positive, the difference is called a debit balance;
if negative, a credit balance. |
| Balance
Sheet |
A financial statement that shows the financial
position of the organization at a particular date. It consists of a list
of assets, liabilities, and fund balances. |
| Balanced
Budget |
A budget in which receipts equal outlays. |
| Bandwidth |
A term describing information-carrying capacity.
It can apply to telephone or network wiring as well as system buses, radio
frequency signals, and monitors. |
| Barcode
Clear Zone |
The rectangular area in the bottom right-hand
part of a mailpiece that must be kept free of printing and symbols so that
automated processing machines may read or apply a barcode. |
| Bargain
Sale |
The sale of property at less than its fair
market value. Frequently, a person will sell property to a 501(c)(3) organization
or institution at a "bargain" price (e.g., the individual's cost as opposed
to its market value). The transaction is partly a gift and partly a sale. |
| Barrier |
Whatever stands between your product and potential
customers for that product. A barrier can be real:"I don’t know where to
park" or psychological:"I’ll feel stupid." |
| Base
Annual Salary |
The base salary before the addition of overtime
pay or of any temporary or emergency increases approved for a limited period
or purpose, or any extra service compensation, additional stipend or pay
for other services. |
| Baseline |
Facts about the condition or performance of
subjects prior to treatment or intervention. |
| Baseline |
Projection of the receipts, outlays, and other
budget amounts that would ensue without any change in existing policy. Baseline
projections are used to gauge the extent to which proposed legislation,
if enacted, would alter current spending and revenue levels. |
| Batch |
A group of cases for which no assumptions
are made about how the cases are selected. A batch may be a population,
a probability sample, or a nonprobability sample, but the data are analyzed
as if the origin of the data is not known. |
| BATNA |
A term referring to the Best Alternative To
a Negotiated Agreement. If the settlement is as good as or better than one's
BATNA, the agreement should be accepted. If the alternative is better, it
should be pursued instead of the negotiated settlement. |
| Battery |
Harmful, offensive or insulting contact. |
| Baud |
A measure of how frequently sound changes
on a phone line. |
| BBS |
A BBS consists of a computer, BBS software
with electronic mail and discussion groups, and a modem. Anyone wanting
to access the BBS can dial directly into the system's modem, using a simple
terminal emulation program. Once connected, they can send and receive email
or reply to messages in the newgrouplike posting sections. |
| Before
or After-School Care |
These are typically school or community-based
programs, and employers will often provide funds to establish, maintain,
expand, or renovate their facilities in exchange for priority enrollment
for children of employees. |
| Behavior |
The response of an individual to the environment. |
| Behavioral
Objectives |
Specifically stated terms of attainment to
be checked by observation, or test/measurement. |
| Bell-Shaped
Curve |
A distribution with roughly the shape of a
bell; often used in reference to the normal distribution but others, such
as the t-distribution, are also bell-shaped. |
| Below
the Line Advertising |
Sales promotion methods which are used for
smaller, more clearly defined audiences, additional to advertising such
as free gifts and discount schemes, trade fairs and exhibitions, direct
mail and sales literature. |
| Benchmark |
A standard of reference used for comparison.
The performance of a learner is measured against a benchmark such as the
performance of an expert. |
| Benchmarking |
A company's use of information about other
firms in the same industry used for comparisons and to set standards and
goals. |
| Benchmarking
Gap |
The difference between the benchmark for a
certain industry or business process, and the other organizations being
used for a comparison. The gap number is also a way for the organization
that meets the benchmark to describe its leadership position. |
| Benefactor |
A person that provides aid, especially in
the area of finances. |
| Beneficial
Owner |
The individual who benefits from ownership
of a security, property or mutual fund regardless of who holds the title. |
| Beneficiary |
In philanthropic terms, the donee or grantee
receiving funds from a foundation or corporate giving program is the beneficiary,
although society benefits as well. |
| Beneficiary |
The individual, agency, group or community
who receives services directly from the community service participant and/or
who benefits from services provided. |
| Benefit
Event |
A form of fund raising which involves the
organization and staging of a special event for charitable purposes; all
proceeds above expenses are designated as a contribution to the charitable
institution concerned. |
| Benefits |
The parts of the product that customers find
positive. |
| Benevolence |
An act of kindness or generosity. |
| Bequest |
A gift of assets made at death by an individual
through a will or trust. Charities accept bequests in several forms including
specific sums or assets, a percentage of the revenue of the estate and contingent
bequests. |
| Bereavement
Leave |
A paid leave of absence for family deaths. |
| Best
Practices |
Successful innovations or techniques of top-performing
organizations. |
| Best-in-Class |
A term referring to anything exhibiting outstanding
performance within an industry. The term can be applied to organizations
as well as business processes. |
| Beta |
A preliminary or testing stage of a commercial
software or hardware product. |
| Bias |
The extent to which a measurement, sampling,
or analytic method systematically underestimates or overestimates the true
value of an attribute. Words, sentence structure, attitudes, and mannerisms
may unfairly influence a respondent's answer to a question. Bias in questionnaire
data can stem from a variety of other factors, including choice of words,
sentence structure, and the sequence of questions. |
| Biased
Sample |
A sample that is not representative of the
population to which generalizations are to be made. |
| Big
Gifts |
A general term used to signify gifts in upper
ranges, the precise limits varying from institution to institution. Their
importance is emphasized in all fundraising campaigns. |
| Binary |
A numeric system that represents all numbers
using only two digits: 1 and 0. |
| Bio |
A brief synopsis of a person's credentials.
|
| BIOS |
Basic Input Output System. BIOS is coded into
a PC's ROM to provide the basic instructions for controlling system hardware.
The operating system and application programs both directly access BIOS
routines to provide better compatibility for such functions as screen display.
Pronounced "by-ose"
|
| Birthday
Campaign |
A fundraising campaign or development program
centered around an anniversary date of an institution on the premise that
the occasion will stimulate special "birthday" gifts. |
| Bit |
Binary Digit. The smallest unit of data in
computing, with a value of either 0 or 1. It can be prefixed with kilo-
(for 1,024 bits, or 2 to the 10th power) or mega- (1,024 x 1,024 bits),
and sometimes finds its way into data transfer speeds (such as 14.4 kbps). |
| Bivariate
Analysis |
An analysis of the relationship between two
variables. |
| Block
Grants |
A type of grant in which the donor government
may structure and design an intergovernmental program for a variety of purposes
with borrowed money. |
| Blue
Screen of Death |
A famous fatal-error message that occurs in
Windows operating systems. It is a blue screen that interrupts your computer's
normal boot up, indicating a fatal error in your operating system. |
| BMP |
Bitmap. The native graphics format for Windows
users. Images seen when Windows starts up and closes, and the wallpaper,
are all in BMP format.
|
| Board
Chair |
This member chairs board meetings, provides
leadership in fundraising, monitors financial planning and reports, encourages
the board's role in strategic planning, and appoints committee chairs in
consultation with other board members. The CEO reports to the Board Chair
and is evaluated by the Chair. The CEO and the Board Chair together provide
leadership in achieving the organization's mission. |
| Board
Chair Elect |
This position provides a useful development
training ground for the future chair to ensure a smooth transition at the
time the chair-elect assumes the position of board chair. The Board Chair
Elect fills the office of board chair in that member's absence; coordinates
liaison activities between the board and chapters; serves on various committees;
provides a report at each board meeting of his or her activities since the
previous meeting; and does other duties assigned by the board chair. |
| Board
Committees |
Smaller decision-making groups that work on
one specific area of governance. Because committees may also include non-board
members, committees are also a means of expanding input and decision-making.
They provide a means for delegating tasks and expertise efficiently. |
| Board
Development |
A process of building effective boards and
educating board members about their governance role. |
| Board
Development Committee |
Nominates future board members. This committee
evaluates the board's composition and identifies needs. It then compiles
a list of people who fit the needs of the board and who can assist in the
achievement of the organization's strategic plan. The Chair of the Board
Development Committee should have a broad knowledge of the community to
reach out to appropriate people to fill board positions. |
| Board
Diversity |
Generally, having minorities and women represented
on boards. Some proposals also urge diversity of experience and age. |
| Board
Evaluation |
Evaluations of the board as a whole and individual
members. Includes evaluation of the board's diversity of skills, background,
experiences, ages, races and genders relative to the organization's ongoing
needs. |
| Board
Member |
A member of an organization’s governing board.
Also called Trustee. |
| Board
of Directors |
The group of volunteers with the responsibility
of governance and supervision of the policies and affairs of the organization,
its committees, and its officers. It carries out the purpose of the organization.
|
| Board
of Trustees |
The group of volunteers with the responsibility
of governance and supervision of the policies and affairs of the organization,
its committees, and its officers. It carries out the purpose of the organization. |
| Board
President |
This member chairs board meetings, provides
leadership in fundraising, monitors financial planning and reports, encourages
the board's role in strategic planning, and appoints committee chairs in
consultation with other board members. The CEO reports to the Board President
and is evaluated by the President. The CEO and the Board President together
provide leadership in achieving the organization's mission. |
| Board
President Elect |
This position provides a useful development
training ground for the future president to ensure a smooth transition at
the time the president-elect assumes the position of board president. The
Board President Elect fills the office of board president in that member's
absence; coordinates liaison activities between the board and chapters;
serves on various committees; provides a report at each board meeting of
his or her activities since the previous meeting; and does other duties
assigned by the board president. |
| Board
Secretary |
This board member is actively involved in
board and committee work. The secretary keeps record of all board actions
such as minutes and announcements. The Board Secretary also keeps copies
of the board's bylaws and policy statements. |
| Board
Treasurer |
This board member is directly responsible
for the upkeep of accurate financial records for the organization. This
person may work with the bookkeeper to develop financial procedures. The
Board Treasurer chairs the Finance Committee and prepares reports and agendas
for meetings in order to keep the board aware of key financial events, trends
or concerns. |
| Boilerplate |
Standard copy that may be inserted in reports,
foundation proposals, and other documents since it is unchanging and generally
timeless. Also refers to legal forms which attorneys may use with standard
situations. |
| Boilerplate |
Standard wording about a company that usually
appears near the bottom of all company-issued press releases. |
| Bona
Fide Occupational Qualification (BFOQ) |
A minimum qualification requirement needed
as a prerequisite to being able to do a particular job. BFOQs, if challenged,
must be demonstrated to be valid by the employer. The courts have interpreted
BFOQs very narrowly, especially with regard to sex. Each applicant must
be treated as an individual in comparing his or her skills to the skills
required to perform the job. |
| Book
Value |
The amount of an asset stated in a company's
records, not necessarily that which it could bring on the open market. |
| Boolean |
A Web search tool or database query system
that allows you to use the words AND, OR, and NOT to hone your search. |
| Boomers |
A market research term used in generational
marketing, short for "baby-boomer". The term describes the segment of the
current population born between 1946 and 1964. |
| Borrowing
Authority |
Statutory authority that permits a federal
agency to incur obligations and make payments for specified purposes with
borrowed money. |
| BPS |
Bits per Second. Your modem's speed is measured
by the number of bits it can transfer in a second. |
| Brainstorming |
A group activity which allows people to generate
ideas, raise questions, pose solutions, and reach agreement on issues concerning
many individuals. |
| Branching |
A tutorial structure that progresses through
material in a path that depends on the learner's response to questions. |
| Brand |
A name given by a business to one or more
of its products or services identifying it in the marketplace. |
| Brand
Equity |
The added value a brand name identity brings
to a product or service beyond the functional benefits provided. Major asset
categories are: brand name awareness, brand loyalty, perceived qaulity,
and brand associations. |
| Branding |
Establishing an identity for your organization/artistic
product/event that your customers will recognize and identify with; to create
an indelible impression in the customer's mind. |
| Break-even
Point |
The point where total revenue equals total
costs; the point of zero profits. |
| Breakfast
Meetings Ban |
A policy that meetings must be organized during
regular business hours, in recognition of the outside responsibilities of
each employee. |
| Bricks
and Mortar |
An informal term indicating grants for buildings
or construction projects. |
| Brochure |
Acts as a utility piece for reference. It
should be easy to read and should be rich in the organization's details,
programs, facts and benefits. |
| Broken
Link or Broken Image |
A link that no longer works or a graphic that
does not appear when a Web page loads is said to be broken. |
| Brown
Bag Lunches |
Lunchtime seminars designed to educate employees
on various topics. They may be offered as a series, or as individual sessions. |
| Browse |
The process of moving through a site, using
a Web browser and clicking on a variety of hyperlinks. This term was derived
from the notion of "browsing" through a store. |
| Browser |
A browser is your interface to the Web; it
interprets hypertext links and lets you view sites and navigate from one
Internet node to another. |
| Browser
Compatibility |
A term used to compare the way a Web page
looks on one browser (or operating system) as opposed to another. |
| Browser
Hijacking |
Modifiying a users Web browser home page,
search options, and favorites to strange or illicit sites, spawning a often
unmanagable amount of pop-up windows to appear. This is often caused by
clicking on a misleading link, tricking the user and rendering their browser
useless. |
| Browser
Sniffing |
A term used to describe the process by which
a Web site detects which versions of various browsers are running, to determine
whether or not they can access certain Web site features. |
| Browser-Safe
Colors |
Only 216 colors in the common 256 color display
palette appear exactly the same on both Mac and PC systems. These browser-safe
colors should be used for Web graphics and colorful elements to look consistent
on both platforms. |
| Budget |
The document sent to Congress by the president
early each year estimating government revenue and expenditures for the ensuing
fiscal year. |
| Budget |
A detailed breakdown of estimated income and
expenses for a development program, prepared in advance. |
| Budget
Act |
The common name for the Congressional Budget
and Impoundment Act of 1974, which established the current budget process
and created the Congressional Budget Office. The act also put limits on
presidential authority to refuse to spend appropriated money. |
| Budget
Authority |
Authority provided by law to enter into obligations
that will result in outlays of Federal funds. The basic forms of budget
authority are appropriations, contract authority and borrowing authority.
Budget authority may be classified by the period of availability (one-year,
multiyear, no-year), by the timing of congressional action (current or permanent),
or by the manner of determining the amount available (definite or indefinite). |
| Budget
Enforcement Act of 1990 |
Concentrates on devising a new deficit control
process that would contain the deficit by controlling the amount of revenue
raised and money spent. In line with this reasoning, the Budget Enforcement
Act established three sets of rules for controlling the deficit: adjustable
deficit targets, caps on discretionary spending, and pay-as-you-go (PAYGO)
rules for revenue and direct spending. |
| Budget
Resolution |
Legislation in the form of a concurrent resolution
setting forth the congressional budget, but not requiring the president’s
signature. The budget resolution establishes various budget totals, divides
spending totals into functional categories, and may include reconciliation
instructions to designated House or Senate committees. |
| Buffer
Underun |
An error that occurs when data is recorded
onto CDs, specifically when the data stream falls behind the laser that's
burning the CD. |
| Building
Campaign |
A drive to raise funds for construction or
renovation of buildings. |
| Building
Funds |
Funds which are provided for the construction
and/or renovation of buildings. |
| Building
Grant |
Grants for constructing, renovating, remodeling,
or rehabilitating property. |
| Building
Program |
The specific needs and objectives for which
funds are needed to construct new buildings or renovate existing structures,
together with the architectural specifications and plans involved. |
| Bulk
Business Mail |
Standard mail (formerly third and fourth-class
mail) submitted to business mail entry units or other designated areas.
The term includes samples and circulars.
|
| Bulk
Mail |
Represents quantities of mail prepared for
mailing at reduced postage rates, including discounted First-Class Mail
and advertising or non-preferential mail (Standard mail). The Postal Service
uses the terms "bulk" and "presorted" interchangeably. The term includes
parcel post, circulars, or advertising mail generally sent in quantity.
|
| Bullpen
Style Offices |
Open areas without partitions. |
| Bundle |
Two or more packages banded or tied together
to form a single unit. |
| Bus |
A common connection between electrical devices. |
| Business
Ethics |
The influence of moral values and principles
upon the conduct of a business and their operations. |
| Business
Plan |
A document that defines a business, identifies
goals, and explains cash flow and loan repayment plans. A business plan
is generally required to receive bank financing. |
| Business
Reply Mail |
Specially printed material that may be mailed
without postage prepayment. Postage and fees are collected when the mail
is delivered back to the original sender. |
| Business-Community
Partnerships |
The term for corporate community involvement,
encompassing collaborative arrangements between corporations and community-based
organizations. |
| Buzz |
Media and public attention given to a company,
its products, or services. |
| By
Request |
A phrase used when a senator or representative
introduces a bill on behalf of the president, an executive agency, or private
individual or organization but does not necessarily endorse the legislation.
The practice goes back to the earliest history of Congress. |
| Bylaws
|
A document stating the rules of internal governance
for a corporation as adopted by its board of directors. |
| Byline |
Author's name given at the beginning of an
article. |
| Byrd
Rule |
The term, named for Senator Robert C. Byrd
(D-WV), refers to an amendment to the Congressional Budget Act that bars
the inclusion of extraneous matter in any reconciliation legislation considered
in the Senate. This provision defines different categories of extraneous
matter in any reconciliation legislation considered in the Senate. |
| Byte |
A byte usually denotes 8 bits that the computer
treats as a single unit. Longer sequences like 16 and 32 bits are also possible. |
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Glossary information provided by the Nonprofit Good Practice Guide, a project of the Philanthropic and Nonprofit Knowledge Management Initiative (PNKM) at the Dorothy A. Johnson Center for Philanthropy & Nonprofit Leadership.
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